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Measuring Student Nurses’ Preparedness and Resilience for a Disaster Setting
- Andrea Grimes, Christopher Rouen, Caryn West
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- Journal:
- Prehospital and Disaster Medicine / Volume 34 / Issue s1 / May 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 May 2019, p. s148
- Print publication:
- May 2019
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Introduction:
Nurses have long been utilized in disaster response and recovery and they possess broad skill sets, which are critical in times of crisis. However, studies show that more than 80% of nurses who volunteered in disasters settings have no disaster education.
Aim:This project explored the disaster knowledge, preparedness, and resilience of 2nd and 3rd-year undergraduate student nurses in a Bachelor of Nursing Science program in a regional university to garner support for the introduction of dedicated disaster nursing education, which is currently absent from Australian undergraduate nursing curricula. Whilst disaster management processes in Australia are robust and Australian health care systems have explicit plans in place, the same cannot be said for all countries and health care systems. Australian trained nurses are highly valued and actively sought in the global health workforce market. In a world marked by increasing change and instability, the lack of dedicated disaster education and skills in the largest health workforce increases the overall vulnerability.
Methods:Data were collected using the Disaster Preparedness Evaluation Tool, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, simple demographics, and a previous disaster experience questionnaire.
Results:The results highlight important gaps in current practice and vulnerabilities in the current disaster management framework. Local students scored higher results in preparedness and resilience.
Discussion:Student nurses are an underutilized resource in disaster preparation and by response teams around the world. With a global intent of shared responsibility and increased resilience in individuals and communities before, during, and after disaster events, dedicated capacity building of nursing staff has the potential to address key factors and simultaneously utilize an underappreciated demographic of student nurses. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this project is the first to explore disaster knowledge, preparedness, and resilience in undergraduate student nurses using validated disaster preparedness and resilience tools in Australia.
VP175 Validating Outcome Assessments For Health Technology Assessment In Ceroid Lipofuscinosis Neuronal 2 (CLN2), An Ultra-Rare Disease
- Rachel Ballinger, Samuel Llewellyn, Jake Macey, Lina Eliasson, Thomas Butt, Mohit Jain, Andrew Olaye, Andrea West
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- Journal:
- International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 33 / Issue S1 / 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 January 2018, pp. 231-232
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INTRODUCTION:
Ceroid lipofuscinosis neuronal 2 (CLN2) disease, a form of Batten disease, is a rare, degenerative neurometabolic disorder. Disease onset around 2–4 years is followed by rapid decline in motor and neurologic function and mortality in early teenage years (1). Disease burden is best captured using observer-reported outcomes. However, validation is challenging in ultra-orphan diseases, requiring flexible methods and reasonable acceptance of limitations related to participant access.
The study aim was to assess content validation of clinical trial measures (i) CLN2 Disease Based Quality of Life Assessment (Sponsor-developed), (ii) EQ-5D-5L, (iii) Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL); and (iv) PedsQL Family Impact Module.
METHODS:The Batten Disease Family Association recruited United Kingdom caregivers of a child with CLN2 disease (aged 3–7 years, non-participants in any CLN2 trial), to:
1. Focus groups with symptom elicitation
2. Cognitive interviews to assess measures.
RESULTS:The Focus group comprised eleven caregivers (eight female, three male) from six families. Three families were current caregivers and remainders bereaved. Symptom and disease impact elicited showed the majority of measures domains were relevant.
The interview sample comprised sixteen current caregivers (twelve female, four male) from ten families (caring for eleven children). Overall measures were relevant, easy to understand and answer. However several items were difficult to apply to children with advanced disease (for example, Euroqol, EQ-5D-5L “overall health”), when ability is lost (for example, PedsQL walking), with misinterpretation of “no difficulties” with eating where child feeds using gastrostomy (CLN2 QoL). Caregivers found it difficult to know how their uncommunicative child was feeling (PedsQL worrying, EQ-5D-5L depression). Some symptoms and impacts were missing (for example, constipation, working life).
CONCLUSIONS:The mixed-methods approach enabled content validity assessment of multiple measures. While these measures were largely relevant, adjustments could strengthen these for use in this fatal pediatric condition population and increase their acceptance within health technology assessment (HTA).
Contributors
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- By Louise B. Andrew, Jane C. Ballantyne, Sadek Beloucif, David Clendenin, Maliha A. Darugar, Joanna M. Davies, Michael DeVita, Denise M. Dudzinski, Bernice Elger, Monica Escher, Joel E Frader, Kelly Fryer-Edwards, James Giordano, Allen Gustin, Rebecca M. Harris, Gerhard Höver, Steven K. Howard, Carl C. Hug, Samia Hurst, Steven Jackson, Nancy S. Jecker, Jonathan D Katz, Joseph Klein, W. Andrew Kofke, Ruth Landau, Craig D. McClain MD, Alex Mauron, Kelly N. Michelson, Cynthiane J. Morgenweck, William Notcutt, Michael Nurok, Susan K. Palmer, Joan G. Quaine, Michael A. Rie, Stanley H. Rosenbaum, David M. Rothenberg, Robert B. Schonberger, Mark D. Siegel, Jeffrey H. Silverstein, Murali Sivarajan, Karen Souter MD, Thomas Specht MD, Andrea Trescot, Gail A. Van Norman, A.M. Viens, Elizabeth K. Vig, David B. Waisel, Clarence Ward, James M. West, Richard L Wolman, Steve Yentis
- Edited by Gail A. Van Norman, University of Washington, Stephen Jackson, Stanley H. Rosenbaum, Susan K. Palmer
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- Book:
- Clinical Ethics in Anesthesiology
- Published online:
- 05 March 2012
- Print publication:
- 28 October 2010, pp xi-xiv
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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8 - Sparse Statistical Modelling in Gene Expression Genomics
- Edited by Kim-Anh Do, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Peter Müller, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Marina Vannucci, Rice University, Houston
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- Bayesian Inference for Gene Expression and Proteomics
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- 23 November 2009
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- 24 July 2006, pp 155-176
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Summary
Abstract
The concept of sparsity is more and more central to practical data analysis and inference with increasingly high-dimensional data. Gene expression genomics is a key example context. As part of a series of projects that has developed Bayesian methodology for large-scale regression, ANOVA, and latent factor models, we have extended traditional Bayesian “variable selection” priors and modelling ideas to new hierarchical sparsity priors that are providing substantial practical gains in addressing false discovery and isolating significant gene-specific parameters/effects in highly multivariate studies involving thousands of genes. We discuss and review these developments, in the contexts of multivariate regression, ANOVA, and latent factor models for multivariate gene expression data arising in either observational or designed experimental studies. The development includes the use of sparse regression components to provide gene-sample-specific normalisation/correction based on control and housekeeping factors, an important general issue and one that can be critical – and critically misleading if ignored – in many gene expression studies. Two rich data sets are used to provide context and illustration. The first data set arises from a gene expression experiment designed to investigate the transcriptional response – in terms of responsive gene subsets and their expression signatures – to interventions that upregulate a series of key oncogenes. The second data set is observational, breast cancer tumour-derived data evaluated utilising a sparse latent factor model to define and isolate factors underlying the hugely complex patterns of association in gene expression patterns. We also mention software that implements these and other models and methods in one comprehensive framework.
11 - Results of the current investigation: qualitative analysis of Susan and her mother
- Alan Fogel, University of Utah, Andrea Garvey, University of Utah, Hui-Chin Hsu, University of Utah, Delisa West-Stroming, University of Utah
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- Change Processes in Relationships
- Published online:
- 22 September 2009
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- 25 May 2006, pp 188-208
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Summary
In this chapter, we present a case analysis of the development of frames and frame transitions for the final case of the four representative dyads, Susan and her mother. Similar to the organization utilized in previous qualitative chapters, we present the raw data developmental trajectories for each of the four frames, the raw data transition frequencies between the frames as a function of age, and a qualitative analysis of the relational history. In the latter, we describe the change processes at two levels, ordinary variability (referred to as level 1 change in Chapter 3) and innovations (referred to as level 2 change in Chapter 3), followed by a brief developmental account of these changes that describes any evidence for a developmental re-organization (level 3 change).
Developmental trajectories and transition frequencies
As shown in Figure 7.2 and Table 11.1, social frames were salient until session 6. They appeared to be the historical frame for this dyad. As with Lewis and his mother, both social/object mixed and not-guided object frames were the newly emerging frames. They began to increase at session 6 and grew steadily together for the remaining sessions, as reflected by a significant positive correlation between these two frames (see Table 7.2). Table 7.2 also shows a significant negative correlation between the social frame and the other three frames, suggesting that it is predominant early and is gradually replaced by the other frames.
Acknowledgments
- Alan Fogel, University of Utah, Andrea Garvey, University of Utah, Hui-Chin Hsu, University of Utah, Delisa West-Stroming, University of Utah
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- Change Processes in Relationships
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- 22 September 2009
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- 25 May 2006, pp xiii-xiv
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8 - Results of the current investigation: qualitative analysis of Richard and his mother
- Alan Fogel, University of Utah, Andrea Garvey, University of Utah, Hui-Chin Hsu, University of Utah, Delisa West-Stroming, University of Utah
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- Change Processes in Relationships
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- 22 September 2009
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- 25 May 2006, pp 128-149
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Summary
In order to understand proposition 1 historically, we have to examine the patterns of change across frames within dyads. We illustrate these historical patterns and interdyad differences with a quantitative description of frames and transitions for the four representative dyads that will be used for the qualitative analysis, followed by a detailed qualitative description of the historical processes with each dyad. In this chapter, we focus on the first of the four representative dyads, Richard and his mother. In Chapters 9–11, we review the other three representative dyads respectively. In this chapter, we also give an overview of the analytical approach.
Our criterion for selecting the four dyads was based on the development of interdyad differences. We chose two dyads in which the infants developed a preference for object play as judged by relatively higher durations, compared to the other research participants, of the not-guided object frame in the post-reaching period (Richard and Betsy and their mothers). We chose two comparison dyads that showed relatively lower durations in not-guided object frames, and relatively higher durations in the mixed social-object frame during the post-reach period (Lewis and Susan and their mothers). These two pairs of dyads, therefore, correspond to the interdyad differences found in the literature (see Chapter 2): dyads that are relatively more focused on object play compared to dyads that are relatively more focused on social play. Betsy and her mother were African-American and the other dyads were Caucasian-American.
9 - Results of the current investigation: qualitative analysis of Betsy and her mother
- Alan Fogel, University of Utah, Andrea Garvey, University of Utah, Hui-Chin Hsu, University of Utah, Delisa West-Stroming, University of Utah
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- Change Processes in Relationships
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- 22 September 2009
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- 25 May 2006, pp 150-171
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Summary
In this chapter, we present a case analysis of the development of frames and frame transitions for another one of the four representative dyads, Betsy and her mother. Similar to the organization utilized in previous qualitative chapters, we present the raw data developmental trajectories for each of the four frames, the raw data transition frequencies between the frames as a function of age, and a qualitative analysis of the relational history. In the latter, we describe the change processes at two levels, ordinary variability (referred to as level 1 change in Chapter 3) and innovations (referred to as level 2 change in Chapter 3), followed by a brief developmental account of these changes that describes any evidence for a developmental re-organization (level 3 change).
Developmental trajectories and transition frequencies
This dyad had a pattern of frame duration trajectories that was very similar to that of Richard and his mother. As shown in Figure 7.2 and Table 9.1, the historically predominant frame for this dyad was the guided object frame, which persisted until session 5. The newly emerging frame was the not-guided object frame, which became predominant relative to other frames in session 8, soon after Betsy acquired visually guided reaching. The bridging frame for this dyad appeared to be the social/object mixed frame. There was a peak in the social/object mixed frame in sessions 6–9, illustrating the inverted U-shaped trajectory for this frame found in the multilevel analysis.
10 - Results of the current investigation: qualitative analysis of Lewis and his mother
- Alan Fogel, University of Utah, Andrea Garvey, University of Utah, Hui-Chin Hsu, University of Utah, Delisa West-Stroming, University of Utah
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- Change Processes in Relationships
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- 22 September 2009
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- 25 May 2006, pp 172-187
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Summary
In this chapter, we present a case analysis of the development of frames and frame transitions for another one of the four representative dyads, Lewis and his mother. Similar to the organization utilized in previous qualitative chapters, we present the raw data developmental trajectories for each of the four frames, the raw data transition frequencies between the frames as a function of age, and a qualitative analysis of the relational history. In the latter, we describe the change processes at two levels, ordinary variability (referred to as level 1 change in Chapter 3) and innovations (referred to as level 2 change in Chapter 3), followed by a brief developmental account of these changes that describes any evidence for a developmental re-organization (level 3 change).
Developmental trajectories and transition frequencies
As shown in Figure 7.2 and Table 10.1, for this dyad the guided object frame persisted as the historically predominant frame until session 8, after which social, social/object mixed, and not-guided object frames became more salient. Social and social/object mixed frames were salient features of their communication throughout the period of observation. Unlike the other two dyads reviewed thus far, not-guided object frames for Lewis and his mother never became predominant on its own. Rather, the not-guided object and the social/object mixed frames seemed to share equal status as the newly emerging frames. The significant negative correlation (Table 7.2) between the not-guided object frame and the social/object mixed frame lends further support to this conclusion.
1 - Relationships as developing systems: theoretical foundations
- Alan Fogel, University of Utah, Andrea Garvey, University of Utah, Hui-Chin Hsu, University of Utah, Delisa West-Stroming, University of Utah
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- Change Processes in Relationships
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- 22 September 2009
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- 25 May 2006, pp 14-34
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Summary
In this introductory chapter, we begin with an overview of our basic theoretical orientation toward relationships. Relationships are not simply a thing to be studied and understood. Rather, we view all of nature as a system of interconnected relationships. In that sense, everything is part of a nexus of relationships: there are no “individuals” but only persons-in-relation. Second, we review a group of developmental theories that have their foundation in this relational world-view.
Overview of the theoretical orientation
A relational perspective on development
The foundational principle of this book is that people develop in relation to others and to their environments. A full grasp of a relational perspective must involve each person in their local relationships (family, work, school) and in relation to the sociocultural system. Here, however, we take a relatively simple relationship system – mother and child – and use it as a model system for revealing some of the details of how all relationships change over time. In the Epilogue, we shall elaborate ways in which our findings can be generalized to other relationships but the reader is encouraged to explore their own implications throughout the book.
People are not “themselves” in isolation but become fully realized as whole human beings in relation to others (Beebe & Lachman, 2002; Collins, 1999; Fogel, 1993; Hinde & Stevenson-Hinde, 1987; Lyra & Winegar, 1997; Overton, 2002; Sander, 1977; Stern, 1985; Tronick, 1998).
3 - Relational-historical research on developmental change
- Alan Fogel, University of Utah, Andrea Garvey, University of Utah, Hui-Chin Hsu, University of Utah, Delisa West-Stroming, University of Utah
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- Change Processes in Relationships
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- 22 September 2009
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In this chapter we intend to show how interpersonal relationships can be conceptualized as dynamically developing systems. We first define relationships as systems of organized and patterned flows of communicative co-activity called frames. Next, we describe relational-historical research on developmental change, hypothesizing three main processes by which frames re-organize to make way for the emergence of new frames. Finally, we discuss implications of this approach for understanding the developmental transition in the mother-infant relationship from face-to-face to mother-infant-object play.
Relationship frames and transitions
A relationship is a developing communication system encompassing action, physiological processes, and the psychological meaning of those processes to each individual. When we use the word relationship, therefore, we are talking about a living, developing system. Relationships have been observed to move through various phases of development including initial attraction, familiarization, intimacy, commitment, distancing, rejuvenation, and dissolution (Altman & Taylor, 1973; Bowlby, 1969; Gottman et al., 2002; Knapp, 1984; VanLear & Trujillo, 1986). Part of the developmental process is the emergence of new dynamically stable attractors (see Chapter 2) of patterned communicative action called frames.
The ability to identify frames seems to be part of the basic social perceptual abilities with which humans, and most social animals, are endowed. Research on social perception suggests that observers are better at detecting the global aspects of communication than at identifying the precise beginnings and endings of discrete action units (Ginsburg, 1985; Newtson, 1993).
6 - Research methods for the current investigation: subjects, procedures, and data analysis
- Alan Fogel, University of Utah, Andrea Garvey, University of Utah, Hui-Chin Hsu, University of Utah, Delisa West-Stroming, University of Utah
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- Change Processes in Relationships
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- 22 September 2009
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- 25 May 2006, pp 95-102
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Subjects
Thirteen mother-infant pairs volunteered to participate in a longitudinal investigation on the development of infant communication. They were contacted by letter from birth announcements in the local newspaper. All had full-term births with no complications and all passed a six-month hearing test. Only middle-income mothers older than 21 years were included in the sample. Seven infants were male and six were female. Twelve of the dyads were Caucasian and one was African-American.
Procedure
Infants and mothers were videotaped weekly from age 4 to 52 weeks and then bi-weekly from 53 to 104 weeks. Here we report the findings from twelve observation sessions on each infant, six sessions prior to and six sessions following the acquisition of visually guided reaching (see below for definition and coding) for a total of 156 observation sessions. By design, the observed first instance of successful visually guided reach was designated as observation session number seven, and coding was done for six sessions prior and six following and including the session containing the first observed reach. The age range for the first observation session was 5–16 weeks, for the last session the range was 18–30 weeks. The age range for the onset of the first observed instance of successful reaching was 12–22 weeks (Mean = 16.3 weeks). [This mean age of onset of 4 months was earlier than the Bayley norm for reaching onset of 4.8 months, which we attribute to the facilitative effect of the social context].
Contents
- Alan Fogel, University of Utah, Andrea Garvey, University of Utah, Hui-Chin Hsu, University of Utah, Delisa West-Stroming, University of Utah
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- Change Processes in Relationships
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- 22 September 2009
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- 25 May 2006, pp vii-viii
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Change Processes in Relationships
- A Relational-Historical Research Approach
- Alan Fogel, Andrea Garvey, Hui-Chin Hsu, Delisa West-Stroming
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- 22 September 2009
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- 25 May 2006
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Just as each person develops from infancy to adulthood, all interpersonal relationships have a life history that encompasses the changes in how people communicate with each other. This book is about how a relationship transforms itself from one pattern of communication to another. The authors present a unique research method called 'relational-historical research', based on advances in dynamic systems theory in developmental psychology, and qualitative methods in life history research. It rests on three premises: that the developing relationship (not the individual) is the unit of analysis; that change emerges from, but is not entirely constrained by, the patterns of the past; and that the developmental process is best revealed by making frequent observations within a particular case before, during, and after a key developmental transition. Looking specifically at the mother–infant relationship, this is a compelling piece of research that will appeal to an international audience of intellectuals and practitioners.
Frontmatter
- Alan Fogel, University of Utah, Andrea Garvey, University of Utah, Hui-Chin Hsu, University of Utah, Delisa West-Stroming, University of Utah
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- Change Processes in Relationships
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- 22 September 2009
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Prologue Overview of the research problem and summary of findings
- Alan Fogel, University of Utah, Andrea Garvey, University of Utah, Hui-Chin Hsu, University of Utah, Delisa West-Stroming, University of Utah
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- Change Processes in Relationships
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- 22 September 2009
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Summary
The real is fragile and inconstant:
its law is restless change:
the wheel of appearances turns and turns
over its fixed axis of time.
[Es frágile lo real y es inconstante;
también, su ley el cambio, infatigable:
gira la rueda de las aparencias
sobre el eje del tiempo, su fijeza.]
Octavio Paz, A tree within (Arbol adentro), pp. 14–15.… change is conceived partly as the continuous transformation of the one force into the other and partly as a cycle of complexes of phenomena, in themselves connected, such as day and night, summer and winter. Change is not meaningless – if it were, there could be no knowledge of it – but subject to the universal law, tao.
Richard Wilhelm, Introduction, The I Ching or Book of Changes, p. lvi.The scientific study of change is an oxymoron. Science attempts to observe and classify, to demarcate and delimit, to specify and contain. Change resists classification, limitation, and containment. Things change and nothing remains the same. If observed a sufficiently long period of time and with sufficient patience, everything in the entire universe changes. Change must be a fundamental property of all things – just as the concrete features that appear to us at any moment can be called properties of things. The universe unfolds from the big bang. An embryo becomes an adult. Mountains are pushed through the earth's crust and then erode.
The quoted excerpts on the opening pages suggest that change may obey universal laws.
References
- Alan Fogel, University of Utah, Andrea Garvey, University of Utah, Hui-Chin Hsu, University of Utah, Delisa West-Stroming, University of Utah
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- Change Processes in Relationships
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- 22 September 2009
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Subject index
- Alan Fogel, University of Utah, Andrea Garvey, University of Utah, Hui-Chin Hsu, University of Utah, Delisa West-Stroming, University of Utah
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- Change Processes in Relationships
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- 22 September 2009
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- 25 May 2006, pp 278-286
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Epilogue Laws of change: implications for theory and practice
- Alan Fogel, University of Utah, Andrea Garvey, University of Utah, Hui-Chin Hsu, University of Utah, Delisa West-Stroming, University of Utah
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- Change Processes in Relationships
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- 22 September 2009
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- 25 May 2006, pp 230-255
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Summary
Come gather 'round people
Wherever you roam
And admit that the waters
Around you have grown
And accept it that soon
You'll be drenched to the bone.
If your time to you
Is worth savin'
Then you better start swimmin'
Or you'll sink like a stone
For the times they are a-changin'
(Bob Dylan, 1964)In this chapter, we review our findings from the perspective of consistencies of developmental change processes. We ask whether general laws of change in relationships can be inferred from our research. We also discuss the implications of such laws of change for understanding practices that foster developmental change in relationships. Such practices include childrearing, education and training, clinical treatment approaches based primarily on interpersonal relationships, change processes in organizations, and larger scale social and cultural change.
Are there laws of relational-historical development?
In this section, we recognize some of the consistencies of the developmental process that emerged in our work, knowing that these consistencies must await further study. Our research revealed different types of change, from the realtime fluctuations of communicative actions to the developmental changes in the patterns of communication. We also observed the paradoxical situation that change occurred in the midst of stability. The dynamics of change occurred with respect to frames that had a stable identity across the period of observation. While spontaneous, creative innovations were observed during periods of developmental re-organization, change was not entirely open ended. It was constrained to occur in certain ways and not others.